OP:
Try this.
It might help.
It might not do anything.
Trying this won't HURT anything.
What to do:
1. Power the Mac down. all the way off.
2. Disconnect the problem drive.
3. Reboot and get to the finder.
4. Connect the problem drive.
5. Now... wait... just.... wait a while.
6. Just leave it be around 30 minutes.
Again, it may help, perhaps not.
The finder may find the drive is connected, but won't mount, and then try to repair the directory or drivers.
If that doesn't work, there are other alternatives, such as "data recovery software".
I would have to concur with deeddawg above, that the drive may have suffered some kind of hardware failure, or perhaps a failure the controller board.
Or... it could be corrupted disk drivers.
What I've done as a last-ditch effort with a corrupted drive partition that resisted all attempts to repair it: WARNING -- risky procedure:
1. ERASE the drive (yes, erase it) but DO NOT USE "secure erase" . DO NOT zero out the drive, just do a "quick erase".
2. The drive will now have a new, empty directory and clean drivers. BUT -- the data will still be "out there on the platters", because we did not "zero out" the data.
3. Use data recovery software (such as "Data Rescue") to "attack" the drive.
4. The data recovery software will "work around" the "empty" directory. It will "go right to the platters", scavenge around, and find and re-construct the files.
5. You WILL need a SECOND drive to receive the recovered files.
6. You WILL lose all file names and previous folder hierarchies. This is "par for the course" with data recovery. That means A LOT of work rebuilding file names, etc.
This worked for me when nothing else would, but again, only done with knowledge that it could have "lost everything".
A word of advice for the future.
The reason you "lost" all this stuff is because you didn't have the drive backed up.
Yes, backing up is work.
But don't do it -- and you get where you are now.
Go forth, and learn from this day.