You just need a different Mac -- doesn't have to be a MacBook
But, assuming that the bootable drive is created properly:
connect the bootable installer to your MacBook.
Shut power off, hold the power button for 5 seconds, until you know it is off.
Reset NVRAM: Press and release the power button, then immediately press and hold Option-Command-P and R.
You should hear a boot chime. Keep holding the same 4 keys until you hear the boot chime 2 more times. Might take up to a minute, just be patient for now...
2nd chime - release the keys, except continue to hold Option. The screen should light up. You should see any bootable drives. If the USB drive is created properly, it should appear. If nothing, even after the NVRAM reset - you need to find another Mac, maybe a friend who has one.
The SATA cable in many older Macbook Pros can be quite easy to damage, even through normal movement when replacing a hard drive, for example. You might consider finding a replacement SATA cable for your MBPro. Not too hard to find, if you decide that you need that part.
And, of course, you should take the bottom cover off, just to make sure that there is actually a drive installed!