I think you should be able to carry the items you listed just fine without external stuff other than (front) pants pockets, unless you favor particularly slimline trousers You should probably be able to put money and iphone in one pocket, then the other holds work badge (if it's too big to go in the wallet; if it's the size and shape of a credit card, treat it as one and put it in the wallet), keys, cable, and earbuds (get a keychain earbud holder to stop them from tangling and have one less thing to dig through your pockets for. If all of those don't fit, take out the more replaceable ones and put in a jacket pocket.
But do resist the temptation to put expensive stuff in jacket pockets; you're bound to end up distractedly leaving the jacket on the back of a chair where it's easy to have stuff filched out of it, eg in a restaurant etc. Also, avoid carrying anything in your back pockets. It's bad for your back, and good for pickpockets, in other words total fail

Plus you need a place to stuff your hands if you're nervous, or they're cold

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If your wallet or keys are humongous as described below, take a picture of the lot and show me, I bet I can reduce it down to something you could put in the pocket of a pair of drainpipes - I've done it for friends/family before

Also, here's a few things to help you reduce the bulk:
Keyport - alternative to keychains that uses just the blade of your keys, and you can put a built-in led light, flashdrive, and bottle opener (three common additions to keychains). There's even a way to attach other stuff, eg if you have a penknife/multitool.
Slimmy wallet (naff name, nice wallet. wish they made a Euro-friendly version)
For wallet stuff, don't forget the ole rubber band - nice and simple. Or its more evolved cousin, the
GrandBand. Again, naff name, but I can vouch for this - it looks better than the plain rubber band, and is easier to use because of the little clip.
A better question is why are you carrying all that extra crap with you?

whenever someone asks something along the lines of 'how do I carry my stuff', there's always someone who will protest the poster carries too much, no matter how unrealistic that is. As in this case: unless the wallet and keys are ginormous (think george costanza wallet and teenage girl keychain - eleventy hundred decorative bits and one key), OP is actually pretty minimalistic. Sure, *maybe* he could get by without the sync cable, if he keeps another at work, but taking it out is hardly gonna make a huge difference, especially if he's already using a short/retractable cable.