There was the Cocoa-AppleScript bridge Apple added back in Snow Leopard that allowed you to write Cocoa applications using AppleScript. I actually wrote an app back in the day that used it, because it was honestly simpler to use it than to try to use AppleScript (to control other apps) from within an Objective-C application.
For Linux/Windows, there’s definitely nothing quite like AppleScript or Automator. There’s AutoHotKey for Windows, but that’s more for GUI scripting, think something like Keyboard Maestro. (And text expansion? It seems to the the best Windows tool for that.) And Windows/Linux has shell scripting (but so does macOS), but that’s for stuff that can be controlled by the command line. There might be third party automation tools some third party applications support that add something closer to AppleScript, but I’m not aware of any in particular for either platform. macOS really is unique for its ecosystem of personal productivity tools (clipboard managers, text shortcut expanders, GTD applications, app launchers, and task automation tools [Hazel, or Automation and AppleScript for something first party]). I can’t even find one example for most of those uses on any other platform, let alone multiple, let alone multiple high quality examples.