Yep, I'm in the same boat, I now have two external monitor setups that are failing to function properly on Mavericks with the rMBP 15" mid 2012. It's particularly frustrating because it is a big selling point of Mavericks that it addressed the hobbled multi-monitor support in ML, but it seems like it was one step forward, and one step back.
I really wish I had given the HiDPI a try back when I was still on ML.
It basically just does nothing when you try to switch to certain HiDPI modes. In particular, the one that we care about, which is the one at half the native res. This yields the best image quality most of the time. Most of the much lower HiDPI modes work just fine.
I really hope someone at Apple is aware and that a fix for this is in the works.