I tried the above but for some reason the calendars got rebuilt. Maybe there's some involvement with the cache or previous sync session. In addition to the above I also deleted some other files, but with inconsistent results:
LIBRARY folder
~/Library/Calendars
CONTAINERS folder
~/Library/Containers/com.apple.CalendarAgent
~/Library/Containers/com.apple.CalendarNotification.CalNCService
~/Library/Containers/com.apple.iCal
~/Library/Containers/com.apple.iCal.CalendarNC
PREFERENCES folder
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.iCalExternalSync.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.iCal.plist
I also tried rebooting or logging out after deleting the above, but again with inconsistent results. I really can't make sense of what's happening.
A couple of times I did get this window though, confirming something was done right, but I haven't been able consistently reproduce this result:
Regardless, I've successfully synced that Mac with one of my iOS devices, so now both computers and all my iOS devices should be in sync ?
There are some strange quirks to keep in mind when syncing, like the fact that when you attach an iOS device to the Mac (USB cable) and open up iTunes, then go to the Calendar/Contacts sync section ("Info")...
.... it seems like the previous sync is displayed first (i.e. it doesn't necessarily reflect the calendar names you currently have in the Mac Calendar app), but will be updated when you actually perform the sync.
But..... let's say you've had some calendars before, but have since been deleted and you do a sync, those deleted calendars will also be synced, in addition to the current ones.
The solution?
Instead of choosing to sync "All calendars" (even though you actually want to sync all your calendars), click on "Selected calendars" and manually enable (turn on) sync for only the calendars shown which are applicable and not the ones also included from the previous sync (which are actually no longer present in the Calendar app). This should allow a proper sync.
From the next sync session and onwards you should be able to use "All calendars" as the calendars now shown in the list are correct according to what your Mac Calendar app has.