You can get the camera connection kit (it has a USB port version), or you can get a flash drive with a lightning port. I believe the kit only supports low power devices like flash drives, so you cannot use a external hard drive (you need a powered hub in-between to supply the needed power).
No one knows why Apple does anything. Like why do you need a adapter to connect your iPhone to a MacBook nowadays. Perhaps you are supposed to be using something like Dropbox instead.