Macs are very good about booting from external drives. Unlike Windows, booting from pretty much any source is a supported feature. - Thunderbolt has faster theoretical speeds but it depends on the individual SSD if it can achieve that. I have a USB 3 external SSD that runs at pretty much the exact same speed as my 2014 15" MacBook Pro; Though the SSDs in newer Macs are faster than that. But I'd say it's still plenty fast for the majority of needs over the USB 3 connection.
But as for storage needs; It's not the CC and Office programs that will eat up your storage. It's the files you work on. So only you can tell how much you'll need. To illustrate this point;
I sometimes edit video with Final Cut Pro X. Final Cut only takes up a bit over 3.5GB.
One of the documentaries I made with it; With render files optimised media, original footage all in, was over 200GB. And some people have larger libraries than that too.
Though that is by far the biggest library I've ever worked with.
My MacBook Pro is 256GB internally. For my usage that is sometimes a bit crammed, but I make do with external and NAS.
I sometimes have to move things around before downloading a new beta release of Xcode or something, but it's all variable based on needs. I want something bigger next time to not have to offload as often, but I am probably quite heavily in the power user camp
My entire web server runs off of 16GB. That's all the programs, the operating system and the web pages.
Needs vary. The programs are rarely what take up the most space