My understanding is that of the data it receives from the cell tower or wifi network is erroneous it can actually mess up the true GPS or significantly slow down position acquisition.
Note that the cell towers don't tell the phone anything except their id.
The phone can use that cell id in two different ways, depending on what kind of location request has been made, what system is ready, and what is turned on:
1)
Cell id locating. Apple has created their own database of cells (not towers, cells). The phone asks the Apple server for a rough location using that cell id.
Btw, I don't believe there's any triangulation. That would be too flaky using signal strengths, even if it did have three or more cells in view.
2)
As part of the initial A-GPS request. When a phone makes an Assistance request over the internet, it sends the currently connected cell id with it.
Assistance servers take that id, plus the phone id, and make a background request to that carrier to resolve the cell id to a rough location. This of course assumes the carrier cooperates with such requests.
The location is then used by both the Assistance server (to provide the correct satellite info) and the phone (as a seed location).
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PS. E911 is a different animal. CDMA carriers will request your phone's GPS location and forward it to the 911 center. GSM carriers triangulate your phone using cell towers alone (they don't talk to the phone), which is usually far less accurate.