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One thing that may be worth mentioning.

When installing to an external drive, you DO NOT want to use the same USBc port that is used for booting that Mac into DFU mode.

For example, with the m4 Minis, the CENTER USBc port on the back is the "DFU port".
So, don't use that one.

For other Macs, it varies as to which port is the DFU port.
You have to check online for this. Try here:
This is totally what screwed me over. Had the drive in the DFU port. Didn't know. Apple didn't say anything. Just happily wasted hours and hours every time there was an macOS update, or even Tahoe - it would download, install, reboot 4× or whatever, and roll back right to where I started. Never once a peep. Wish they'd said, "hey, your Security Settings are crap" or "hey, dumbass, your disk is plugged in the DFU port - this won't work!" because if I had ONLY dug through the 7,717 lines of the /var/log/install.log I would have seen `BootPolicy: SEP command 72 returned 11` and OBVIOUSLY that means the drive is plugged into the DFU port, right?

I mean they have the means to detect those issues, but eh, why, right? Flip the bird to the guy who won't pay $$$$$ for more storage.
 
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