At least on macOS 12.3, it appears cron doesn't have logging enabled globally, but it should respect the per-user LOGNAME and MAILTO environment variables. If your goal is to setup and monitor your own cron jobs, you're all set.
If you're looking for the log to monitor cron jobs the OS installed, they moved all their jobs over to launchd, for better or worse. There's probably a way to wrestle a log from launchd, but it's far from intuitive.