Ok, let's see if I can sort through this one...
I managed to get two blue download folders on my desktop. One is on the dock and one is on the desktop.
If it's in the Dock, it's not on the Desktop. Those are two mutually exclusive locations.
No matter what I do, I can't seem to get the one on the desktop, where all the new stuff goes, to the dock.
Ok, you don't move things from somewhere else to the Dock. What happens when you drag something to the Dock is that you create a new thing, it's not a copy, it's a shortcut to the thing you drag to the Dock.
Before I learned how to get the folders back to the dock, I panicked and went through the trash and pulled out favored documents. This content is in the document folder on the dock.
I'm afraid you lost me there. You start with mentioning getting "folders back to the dock" then you mention going "through the trash" as if removing something from the Dock puts it in the Trash. It doesn't. When you remove something from the Dock, it just disappears, vaporizes, vanishes, ceases to exist, "poofs". It's just gone. Then you mention that these documents you pulled out of the trash are "in the document folder on the dock". No, they aren't. Documents don't reside in folders on the Dock (called Stacks, by the way). They are just shortcuts to the actual files in the actual folder represented by the Stack.
The document folder with "everything" is on the dsekstop, and when I try t drag it to the dock it won't come? Even after throwing away the dock folder.
The Documents folder should reside in your Users/
YourUserName (newbiemacgal?) Folder. Some applications put things in that location by default. Stacks (again, shortcuts to folders) live on the right side of the Dock, assuming that the Dock is at the bottom of your screen. If you're trying to drag a folder to the left side of the Dock, they won't go.
Since all this happen, the latest document opened or downloaded will no longer stay open on the dock like it did originally.
You lost me again. What do you mean by "stay open on the Dock"?