Little update: Went to an Apple Store and tested a new Mac mini with Core i5, which was connected to the LG UltraFine 5K. I experienced nearly the same choppy UI-animations which I had with my Core i3 (tested Mission Control with many opened apps, switching between desktops, fullscreen etc.). The Mac mini in the Store also had just 8 GB RAM, maybe with 16 GB it would be better, don't know. By the way: There was another LG UltraFine 5K in the Store, connected to the Mac Pro. With that machine the UI-Animations where waaay smoother (I know the Pro has better Graphics).
Well fudge... After a long debate on what to upgrade my Mid-2010 iMac, I was about to settle for the i5 iMac with a 27" 4K monitor (LD 27UK850). Many reassured me that for my basic multitasking needs the blazingly fast CPU that the Mac Mini has would be enough (as I plan on using a new computer for at least 6-8 years). However, I'm not about to drop $1k on something that cannot even drive a monitor properly. The thing is that there are these reports (even from people with 8 gigs of RAM) that say they have experienced no issues with their 4K monitors. I wonder if this is just a 4K vs. 5K thing or something, then...