Ahh, what a regrettable move by Apple. Captive cables suck!
OP, you didn't answer whether this was an upgrade or clean install of Mojave. If an upgrade, and you have the time and means to test a clean install that would be instructive. You could also clean install High Sierra to rule out a new issue with Mojave.
Barring that, since adapters are cheap, I'd try another one (of a different make/design). Please update the thread with your progress.