These chargers communicate to the computer, so the charger will only ever give the power the computer wants. This is also why people don't electrocute themselves on the exposed contacts, as the charger waits for a specific signal.
If there is a speed difference, it would only be a small one as the batteries cannot be charged quickly without overheating and causing damage. All batteries with fast charging are either kept in oil for cooling or come with custom chargers with higher voltages. Since the MacBook chargers already have high voltages for charging, there is not much improvement to be gained. The bigger MacBooks have bigger batteries, so the bigger charger is essentially spread out over a bigger area and therefore the batteries don't have problems from the extra power.
Only the 12 inch iPad has a big improvement from a new charger (12 watts to 29 watts), but it was designed to handle faster charging and the charger has a higher voltage. The regular charger cannot change this iPad while the iPad is in use, it will only keep the battery at the same level. Why they refuse to include the better charger and instead give you something barely adequate on something so expensive is a mystery.
The newer iPhones also has a small boost in charging if you use a iPad charger, mainly from the increased voltage.