The Disk Management screenshot is actually good news: the 379 GB partition shows Healthy with 100% free because Windows can't read APFS, not because it's empty. The physical disk enumerates, so the SSD and its connection are alive. That moves this away from "dead drive" and toward firmware/boot policy.
Two things that would narrow it down:
1. Startup Security lives inside Recovery, so if you can't reach Recovery you can't change it — that's the catch-22 mentioned above. On a T2 machine the way out is a DFU revive with Apple Configurator from a second Mac. A revive rewrites the bridgeOS firmware and leaves data intact; it's the step before a restore, which does erase. If you have access to another Mac and a USB-C cable that carries data, that's the cheapest thing left to try.
2. Before that, worth confirming which key sequence you're using from full shutdown: hold Command-R from the moment you press power, not after the chime, and leave it held for a good 20-30 seconds. If you get a black screen and reboot loop instead, that's consistent with the firmware issue rather than with you doing it wrong.
If the revive doesn't take, then it's a logic board question and the corrosion mentioned earlier is the likely story.