I've been testing Time Machine to an encrypted APFS sparsebundle, hosted on a Raspberry Pi ext3 disk. It worked as usual (not fast, not slow) for many weeks, but it's been getting incrementally slower recently. Has anyone noticed anything similar? I'm considering reverting back to an HFS+ backup, since I haven't seen much benefit from APFS.
Right now it shows "Backing up: 1.2 GB of 3.7 GB" and "About 2 hours remaining". That would be 20 megabytes per minute. Not mind-blowing over a 580 Mbit/s effective WiFi connection. The WiFi mesh box is just 2 meters away, with the Pi connected to it over 1 Gbit Ethernet. I can copy many gigabytes to the same disk in a few minutes with drag and drop or SSH. But Time Machine seems to be doing anything but transferring files.
"tmutil status" via Terminal shows that the raw percent stays the same, up to a dozen decimals, for long stretches of time. Every now and then it does a burst of progress, and the bar might jump ahead by a few megabytes, even hundreds of megabytes within a few seconds. HFS+ didn't copy with a linear speed either, but the waiting periods and overall backup update times were shorter and more predictable.
I've run fsck on both the Linux host disk and the APFS sparsebundle. Both checked out OK.
Ethernet isn't an option currently. And Catalina / HFS+ / WiFi worked fast enough through an otherwise similar configuration.