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I personally do not know. But from what I understand, it's stored in the T2 chip. If you were to format the computer and wipe it all, it would be erased with it.
 
Go to System Preferences > TouchID and move your cursor over the fingerprint. Click on the "X" that appears.
 
I think mragarg was correct when he said "If you were to format the computer and wipe it all, it would be erased with it."
 
A quick web search turned up: https://eclecticlight.co/2018/07/17/firmware-the-smc-nvram-and-t2-chip-reset-and-maintain/

T2 chips retain sensitive data in their secure enclave. Before selling or otherwise disposing of a Mac with a T2 chip, clear all sensitive data from the secure enclave by starting up in Recovery mode, entering Terminal, and typing the command
xartutil --erase-all
You’ll be prompted to confirm that you want to clear the data. After confirming, quit Terminal and shut down.
 
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