The old drive is visible internal but mavericks thinks it's damaged and I can't go back to mountain lion because it's stuck in the maverick's installer.
I think you're on to something with the cable and I have read of more than a few instances of seagate drives having this issue. However, the problem I think is more in the point of connection with the seagate brand. If it were a bad cable or connector the old drive should have the same issues. I know that SATA is a standard but like I said, I'm not the only one with this.
Since getting to an apple repair center is a couple hours round trip for me, I think I'll just buy a small gb western digital to prove or disprove my theory.
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Could the fact that the drive is SATA 3 be an issue?
SATA is backwards compatible so that would not matter. The cabe is only a few dollars, so if you are going to spend money testing, it might also be worth springing for the cable. Look at iFixit for the cable
Sorry this is not going more smoothly. Frustrating I'm sure.