So basically, the added graphics power of the pro is really just enough to push around all the extra pixels correct?
Yes and no. For most people this is probably the only benefit they would see from it.
The faster GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) will accelerate 3-D stuff like video games and 3-D modeling software, and it can also be used for certain scientific computing and certain photo/video filters.
If you don't play graphics-intensive 3-D video games and you haven't heard of OpenCL then you'll probably see minimal benefit from a faster GPU, if any.
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Yep. I would say if the iGPU has its own 2-3GB dedicated VRAM, this wouldn't be an issue at all. On windoze, even a HD4000 graphics can do scaled 4K @ 30Hz without lag since it cheats by magnifying the display and font dpi rather than actual scaling like on OS X. No extra GPU VRAM and usage is needed unlike OS X
I have no idea what you're talking about. What wouldn't be an issue? And what in the world would need 2 or 3GB of VRAM?
Maybe you're talking about the fact that OS X renders everything at twice the logical resolution and then scales it down to the screen resolution. This has (almost) nothing to do with how much RAM is devoted to anything. If this is faster or slower it's because of the speed of the RAM and the scaling hardware in the GPU.