You have your opinion, I have mine.
That's a very fitting beginning for a lot of words that address NOTHING. We don't need anyone's opinion, because we have facts.
The Microsoft doc that you linked says:
When a user logs onto Exchange, the username, password, and a unique AES-128 device key are sent from the user’s device to the Outlook cloud service over a TLS connection,
This confirms exactly what Winkelmeyer wrote. Your 300+ words do not address this simple fact, which comes directly from Microsoft, thanks to the link that you yourself posted.
The Microsoft doc that you linked also says:
How is the temporarily cached mailbox data secured while stored in the Outlook service?
Got that? The mailbox data is stored in the Outlook service! Again, just as Winkelmeyer wrote!
Again, your 300+ words just dance around this simple fact. Which is the only thing they can do, since the simple fact comes directly from the horse's mouth.
Addressing your "point" (gotta love your scare quotes) on OAuth (you mention it a couple of times!) – funny how Winkelmeyer already warned that OAuth wouldn't fix anything. You read the follow-up, didn't you?
And note, because you seem confused: it was not me who originally posted Winkelmeyer's article.
If you want to trust Microsoft, that's your thing. But saying that Winkelmeyer wrote FUD, when Microsoft actually confirms it, makes it impossible for me to trust you.