Well, I don't know about Linux, but when I have Windows or OSX booted and have it in suspend mode I can last for days on one battery charge! That's about as functional as letting it sit idle. 
I've run Linux off and on for eleven years. I came to OSX because I consider it *nix perfected. I don't think you will be able to extend battery use in any functional way that you couldn't already achieve in OSX. It's all reduced down to a numbers game at this point. Reduce the screen backlight as much as possible, you will extend your battery. Kill bluetooth, you will extend your battery. Let it sit idle and not do anything, you will extend your battery. Yes, you can get more than seven hours on battery, but you will be sacrificing your user experience to do so.
If you insist on trying to do this might I also suggest FreeBSD, dark colors, kill all radios not in use, four ticks of brightness, no GUI (or manual run when you want/need an X window session)? You can probably get to 10-11 hours of "usable" run time, depending upon your tasks.
I've run Linux off and on for eleven years. I came to OSX because I consider it *nix perfected. I don't think you will be able to extend battery use in any functional way that you couldn't already achieve in OSX. It's all reduced down to a numbers game at this point. Reduce the screen backlight as much as possible, you will extend your battery. Kill bluetooth, you will extend your battery. Let it sit idle and not do anything, you will extend your battery. Yes, you can get more than seven hours on battery, but you will be sacrificing your user experience to do so.
If you insist on trying to do this might I also suggest FreeBSD, dark colors, kill all radios not in use, four ticks of brightness, no GUI (or manual run when you want/need an X window session)? You can probably get to 10-11 hours of "usable" run time, depending upon your tasks.