I wonder how Apple will address the fact that Apple wants tighter "security" in the hardware (i.e. T2 chip) vs. the "Pro-users" who like to upgrade hardware.
Almost entirely a non issue, if Apple simply provisions some additional internal storage options. Those can be upgraded at the users dissection. The T2 has other duties besides storage though. sound in/output , fans , a role in power management. Likewise the system management power controller. All of those have been soldered into every previous Mac Pro. There is really no material change there.
The T2 will control/validate the boot firmware no matter which storage device the system boots off of. Booting from other storage devices can be limited by settings but doesn't mean cannot boot from other devices if want to.
Wouldn't surprise me that creating some form of Mac mini Pro with TB3 connectivity to external grfx and storage through Apple designed cases, thus a modular Mac Pro... will be the (expensive) way to go.
it is highly doubtful that Apple is going to get in the external expansion case business. In the 2011-2018 history of Thunderbolt Apple has only done
one "expansion" Thunderbolt solution; the Thunderbolt Display Docking station. Their 'solution' for eGPU developer box is third party. Apple is selling BlackMagics ( which they probably had some design influence on. It is quiet and prominently sold in the Apple online store. )
Apple sold/sells the LG Ultrafine displays. Could count the 5K model as Apple's second TB expansion (as they had a heavy hand influencing it). Apple will probably do a replacement for the 5K with an Apple shell around it in 2019. That will essentially complete their minimal "modularity" requirements.
The Mac Mini Pro probably won't come. At least as a Xmac like iMac 'killer'. In the "desktop" pro space Apple has already showed their primary solution; iMac Pro. If Apple does a literal desktop Mac Pro solution with no minimal internal options it would be like the Mac Pro 2013. If they go back to 'deskside' it probably will not be a "Mac Mini" like in any significant way.
Thunderbolt expansion boxes are not primarily a Mac market going forward ( Thunderbolt v3 is common across all new laptops in the $1+ K zone ). Apple isn't going jump into a market where there are multiple mainstream PC market solution providers any more than they are going to jump back into the printer market. Likewise "Pro" pure display (non docking station) market. The number of quality competitors are high enough in these markets that Apple doesn't need to jump in and 'drive it'.
All parts of the modules could have their own T2 chip enforcing the tight security.
Maybe even have mandatory macOS signing...
There is about zero need for that. The purpose of T2 validating the firmware and the OS kernel components is so that the security protections that they provide are validated. If the boot process is "trusted" then what you have booted into is "trusted". If the OS has crappy security then some kind of "security enclave" inside the other components isn't going to make things much better. However, until the OS can get all of its security mechanisms up and running it is in a vulnerable state. That's primarily what T2 protects in the boot process. ( T2 also stores critical key info. which makes no sense to store in more than one place. )
macOS has to be signed now. That isn't new.
That Apple will take away the option to boot into something other than a properly signed macOS. That probably isn't going to happen. Skipping signed OS won't be the default, but macOS ( and Windows ) will probably remain primary options. It may get buried even deeper in the menu system and/or command line options, but Apple probably isn't going to remove it completely any time in the immediate future. ( all the current Macs aren't that locked down and they'd have to get to point have aged all of those out of support without that option being a pain. ) .
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Couldn't upgrade video card - the ROM is on the logic board, as per Macvidcards.
Macvidcard couldn't upgrade the video card. That is fundamentally different from whether Apple could. Apple recently updated the Mac 5,1 "ROMs" (firmware). Apple updating Apple firmware isn't in the range of "could not".
What Apple did was cut off 3rd parties. They made it harder to hijack their work and move it to other cards. Not like there was a long line of 3rd parties to do Mac video cards anyway. A substantive bulk of the 2009-2012 market was comprised of 4th parties grafting off of work of the 3rd party (and Apple ) work and selling as their own solution. They were not making (or contracting for their construction) video cards either.
Pragmatically the long term issue is that Apple put very little thought into upgrading the cards over a longer lifecycle. The physical and thermal core integration constraints were at least as big of the problem. Not only were there no upgrades for older systems, there were not newer systems either ( although they could have bumped with some Polaris options late in the process , but that was probably after they decided on a iMac Pro follow on. )