This is bizarre.
As for the Windows/OS X difference, it seems to me there isn't actually one. You wrote that after booting OS X from your old drive and formatting the SSD for the first time, read/write worked fine on the SSD. This was the same you observed in Windows.
Then it seems your troubles only begin once you try to install OS X on the SSD.
Is this a correct understanding of your situation?
And as for different versions of OS X, there really shouldn't be a difference between installing Mountain Lion, Mavericks, and Yosemite - all of them should work equally well. That they don't leads me a bit to believe there's a problem with your actual installation medium or procedure for creating it. Do you mind describing your process? If it is not via
DiskMaker X to a USB flash drive or SD card, I would suggest you do that. If it is, I would suggest you follow
Apple's more tedious steps.
Also, do you have a configuration that you
know your MBP works with (perhaps restoring it completely to default hardware)?
And do you have an external hard drive enclosure you
know works?
If so, restore your computer to that state, put your SSD into the enclosure, make an OS X installation medium with DiskMaker X (or from Apple's steps), boot from it and then use that to format your SSD and install OS X onto it while connected externally.
If that works, boot from the SSD externally. If everything still works, then install the SSD into your machine and see if that works. If it does, great! If not, you'll know something is up inside your machine (quite possibly with your SATA cable).
Although perhaps cumbersome, this procedure should reduce the amount of sources from which errors can arise and thus give a higher chance of success.