I just updated my MBP 15" retina last night and noticed the same thing... I just started it up an hour ago at 100% and now it is at 60% ... 2 days ago with Mountain Lion, I had the notebook running almost all day before having to plug it into an AC outlet. Battery life was definitely affected after Mavericks upgrade. Is Apple aware of this issue?
In Mavericks, the battery life estimate fluctuates less. I have iStatMenu, and in 10.8, it used to agree very closely with Apple's estimate. Now, the battery life estimate in iStatMenu jumps about a lot, while Apple's OS X 10.9 estimate seems to be the mean of several OS X 10.8 estimates. For me, my 2011 MacBook Pro seems to have improved battery life from about 5 hours (10.8) to 7/8 hours (10.9).