(1) How do I know for sure that my photo library was backed up/synced with iCloud? Is there anything on the Mac similar to iTunes * iPhone that displays a last sync date & time? I am not always connected to WiFi and sometimes can go up to 2 weeks without being connected. Therefore, knowing this info would be helpful.
AFAIK, the only way to have photos on your Mac backed up to iCloud is to enable the iCloud Photo Library in the Photos.app preference. After that, in the Photos.app, if you select Photos, there should be a summary at the bottom that shows how many photos total you have, and how many haven't been uploaded to iCloud yet.
(2) I know that if I permanently delete a photo in the Photo app on my Mac the change will happen across my devices. If I permanently delete something on my iPhone and the photo was already uploaded to iCloud will it delete from the Photo app on the Mac and from iCloud as well? I would like to clean up my files from my phone and have it delete from the Photo app and iCloud permanently if possible. I would hate to permanently delete stuff off my phone only to have it reappear in an iCloud download.
Once you enable iCloud Photo Library on your Mac, your photos "live" in iCloud. You can edit/delete those photos from any web browser (going to
http://www.icloud.com), the Photos.app on your Mac, or any iOS device that you have also enabled iCloud Photo Library on.
Any change/delete your make to a photo should update the master photo stored in iCloud Photo Library, which then updates that photo of your devices (that have iCloud Photo Library enabled).
It was some talk about deleting in the more.com link. From my understanding the Photo App is like a "parent" and the master of everything, but this was unclear from the post. This confused me, so if someone can clarify that would be great. Here is a link:
http://www.imore.com/how-delete-pictures-and-videos-icloud-photo-library
Once you have iCloud Photo Library enabled, iCloud is the master. Changes can be made from anywhere, but no device is more of a parent or master than another.
Would I have to create different libraries for things I do want synced to iCloud and things that I do not want synced?
I've seen folks here do that. You have have multiple separate photo libraries on your Mac. One of those libraries can be designated (in the Photos.app preferences) as the "System Photo Library". That would be the only library that syncs with iCloud. It's good for separating what goes up to iCloud, but that means your photos in the other libraries aren't being backed up to iCloud (if that matters).
If so, do you think it would be best to create all albums in 1 library and just "share" the album's I want with my devices? If I "share" do I need to have iCloud photos turned on for my iPhone and iPad?
I'm not totally sure about this, but I think that if you do not have iCloud Photo Library turned on for your iPhone/iPad, they can still see the iCloud shared albums. Those are different from normal albums. I played around with them for a bit put it was sort of a PITA to maintain them, as they were more or less duplicates of other regular albums.
Personally, I just turn on iCloud Photo Library on all of my devices, and they all see everything (photos, albums, etc) that I have stored up in iCloud. On my iOS devices, iCloud Photo Library has been good about not using all of the storage, making space (by replacing full-sized photos with thumbnail placeholders) when needed. If I tap on a thumbnail, it will then download the full-sized picture again.
I am looking for the most user friendly (and easy) solution.
I'm not sure too many folks are completely thrilled with how iCloud Photo Library works today, but it's only a year old. Hopefully Apple will add more features and capabilities as time goes by!