restoring from time machine back up

Exactly.
Sounds like you are getting closer every day.
Applications - particularly pro-level apps, don't always travel well when restoring from a drive backup.
You have your original installers for those, right?
Reinstall the few that give you errors.

And, of course, Internet Explorer is a Windows app, so you would reinstall that when you boot to your boot camp partition - or whatever method you have for using Windows apps.

BTW - you really don't need to make a new thread for issues that are directly related to your other thread(s). You will get responses in those other threads, too - as a few good folks here follow those type of threads. Your questions don't really get lost in the middle. But, you can restate your questions there, too…

So far, you are doing fine!
File transfers from potentially failing storage can really run into a lot of issues, and I think you can see that now!