I didn't want to reply to this until I had some time to do some testing myself, because I found it very hard to believe, considering I can run Linux with an XFCE GUI on my 1st Gen Raspberry Pi easily.
So, I've deployed a few VMs on my ESXi host, gave them each 2GB vRAM, 1 vCPU (limited it to 600MHz, which is the low programmable frequency for the 1.2GHz 1st gen m5 processor), and installed CentOS 7 x64 with the default 3D-accelerated GUI in one of them, a non-accelerated variant in another, Linux Mint (XFCE), Linux Mint (Cinnamon), and Linux Mint (MATE).
All ran fine for me (albeit understandably "slowish" ... 600 MHz), with the exception of the ones with the desktops that were doing software-rendered affects (no 3D acceleration enabled for the VMs. we're talking slide ... show.) Switching the desktops in those to something less demanding fixed that issue for me (I prefer XFCE, but if I want to be extra lean, I go for Busybox.)
So, I think it all ends up being relative. What is acceptable to some may not be so to others.
Will the rMBP be faster? Yes. That goes without saying. All else being equal, the CPU in it will allow a user to do everything faster than the one in the rMB. The question remains if the anticipated workload of a comp sci major (specifically the OP) would run acceptably fast on the rMB. Admittedly, only they can answer that accurately, but if I were doing comp sci again (once was more than enough for me), it would be fine, and when I eventually go get my Master's, I'll most likely be using one.