You are forgetting the thing about the pixel density. In your examples you upscale the image and show it on the same display (so of course it will look blurry). But with the rMBP, the image will be shown on a display with a much higher pixel density, i.e. the upscaled image will have the same physical dimensions than the original on the non-retina display.
For instance, simple 2x2 closest neighbour sampling (pixel-doubling) does not actually invent any data. A 'regular' 100x100 image can be pixel-doubled to 200x200 and then each of the 2x2 pixel blocks on the retina display will exactly correspond to one pixel on the normal display. The pixel data to physical surface will be exactly the same.
I agree with you to some degree.
But in your example, the 200x200 image will contain 4 times as many pixels as the original image and occupy the same area (let's say 1 inch by 1 inch) on both screens. Pixel doubling would be the best case scenario, but would not improve visual appearance over what you perceive on a non-HiDPI display.
Beyond pixel doubling, more "sophisticated" scaling methods involving interpolation are bound to actually lessen the visual impact by adding blur to your perception.
In summary, for those images designed for the "old" Web, what you perceive can look the same, in the best case scenario, or worse depending on the type of scaling performed.
Or, if your eyesight is not 20/20, it'll all look the same to you in 99% of the cases. (but, in that case, the benefits of a HiDPI display are probably lost on you in the first place.)
Thanks to all for participating in this survey.