You are taking a compressed image file and converting it to another compressed image file. Compressing images means removing lots of image data, so going from one compressed format to another compressed format may well present or exacerbate compression artifacts. Worse, you are going from a good compression methodology (HEIC) to a less good compression methodology (JPEG). Note also that JPEG files can be specified as to size and quality, the differences among which are very substantial.
Remember that compressing images means removing lots of image data. My guess is that either you are A) inappropriately compressing an already compressed file or B) that you have some settings somewhere in your post processing string of actions that reduces the file size (via compression) a lot; or both. No matter how good the compression protocol is (and the protocols including JPEG are very good), if we keep throwing away image data sooner or later we end up with mud.
Try to start with the highest possible original image file type, ideally RAW, and then compress only once to your final desired output form. If you do any image sharpening do it as the final editing step.