Missed calls from phone numbers who you have added to your contact list should show up in your missed calls list as the person associated with the number.
The best way to search who a number is... type (or copy/paste) it into the keypad on the phone or into a text message. It should convert it to the person and show their name, if it is in your contacts list.
If it isn't then you're going to have to go to a website/app like whitepages.com and do a reverse search by number.