I have around 20 external drives here. Looked at a sample of my drives with multiple partitions. Some allow modifying/adding partitions, and some drives do not allow that.
I don't know what the difference is. Some drives are nothing but OS X extended, others are a mix of macos and APFS volumes. Doesn't seem to matter, some can modify partitions, some drives cannot. There's nothing that I see that changes that, other than a reformat of the complete drive. I should point out that I keep track of the service life of these drives. All operate normally, and pass testing.
There are no significant differences between the drives, but some show the partitions are editable, some do not.
And, I don't think that indicates that something is "wrong", only that there's something different, and it's not something that I can detect.
One drive is my primary Mac system installer, with custom partition sizes for each of 15 partitions, and I rebuilt that drive less than 6 months ago, including a full erase, and now can't modify any partition size, nor add a new partition.
It's an external SSD, not a spinning hard drive. I have another external SSD with a very similar, multi-partition setup, and that one is fully editable.
(?) It's a mystery. I'll solve it. I'll erase that SSD again, and rebuild it from nothing. Because I can, and I have everything available to rebuild the drive completely. There's nothing on the drive at the moment that I don't have on at least 3 other drives.
Unfortunately, that isn't a great help for you, as I just don't know what happened.