Congrats on the MacBook.
Here's my advice:
You don't need a special adapter for the SSD.
Just "put it in".
BUT...
I suggest you spend about $12 and get one of these first:
https://www.amazon.com/Sabrent-2-5-...478&sr=1-2-spell&keywords=sabremt+usb3+to+ssd
(I have this one, very handy peripheral to have around)
THEN....
Use the adapter/dongle to "prep and test" the SSD BEFORE you open up the MBP to put it inside.
If you do it that way, and something doesn't go quite right, YOU STILL HAVE A WORKING MACBOOK.
You can work on the problem far more easily that way.
After you've got the OS installed and the SSD set up, you can boot from it as well (power down, press power on button, hold down option key continuously until startup manager appears, then select external SSD and hit return)
Also:
Be sure to use THE RIGHT TOOLS for this job.
You'll need a Phillips #00 driver for the screws on the back.
You'll need a TORX T-6 driver for the 4 "busses" on the drive.
Get these online or at hardware stores.
Be aware that the drive ribbon cable in 2012 MBP's can be a "weak point", prone to failure. Yours may be fine for now.
You can either install a clean copy of the OS, or "clone over" the install that's already on the MBP.
IF you want to do a clean install, I suggest that you download the installer app and then use a USB flashdrive (and the free app called "Boot Buddy") to prepare a bootable USB flashdrive installer. Things just go better that way.
If you want to "clone over" what's on the internal HDD now, use CarbonCopyCloner. It's free to download and use for 30 days.
After you do the drive swap, you can use the adapter/dongle to access the old HDD.
Use it as a backup, extra storage, etc.