I would give it a 99% change of being a cable failure.
I would even say 99.5%.
I mentioned before that i made a backup image of my drive, however now that i can access my SSD fully with the external enclosure, can i make a time machine back up of it to my external while i have both devices plugged in?
Also, any idea where i can get a good OEM hard drive cable for my mac and how much it would cost? Thanks.
The process of elimination you have gone through here pretty much makes it the cable. You can order one from iFixit for about $30.
Yes, it will be slow, but it would be a good idea to backup that data while in the enclosure so you have some sort of backup at least.