You sure can, but it's not AS easy as Chrome will be for you; at least, not for now. If you have a MobileMe account (which I doubt, considering you'd only have used it for the iPhone to this point), then it comes with bookmark syncing over all your iDevices. MobileMe is a paid service, and is shutting down soon to make way for iCloud, a free service Apple will be rolling out.
Holdover services available from MobileMe are detailed in full here:
http://www.apple.com/mobileme/transition.html
I'm not entirely certain if you're asking for bookmark sync primarily for the Mac (between Macs) or if you mean between the Mac and iPhone, but I'll go into options for that.
As I'm sure you don't want to wait the entire time until iCloud is available, there's a service called xmarks you could use that syncs your bookmarks to a cloud server that you access through your own username/password combination. xmarks works across Safari and Chrome as well, so if you ever have a change of heart or if you can't decide, your bookmarks will always be up to date. You're able to view the bookmarks on your iPhone as well using their mobile service, but that's a paid service ($12 a year).
I definitely don't know everything about potential methods of syncing between a Mac and an iPhone, as I don't have an iPhone, but I'm sure someone else might have a better free workaround (at least until iCloud this fall, if you're willing to wait haha).
