But that battery gain was almost entirely based on the Haswell chip, built by Intel, which we knew was coming and was years in the making specifically built for long battery life.
The iPhone doesn't have a "Haswell" chip on the horizon to expect that type of battery jump. If anything Apple simply kept the battery size of the MacBook Airs the same (just like they basically will with the iPhone).
Actually, not quite. Battery life improvements are minimal if the only bit that was changed to be power efficient is the CPU. Bits and pieces taken verbatim from Anand's Haswell ULT review.
(power was knocked out while typing this, <3 UPS systems for my home network)
Using HIPM and DIPM, SSD controllers can do a good job of powering down big blocks of the controller however the SATA PHY cant be powered down otherwise you risk losing communication with the drive itself. The device sleep spec calls for an out of band signal telling the SSD when it can go to sleep and when it can wake up. Since the signal is out of band, the SATA PHY doesnt need to be active for communication, and thus the SATA PHY itself can power down.
In layman's terms, the entire system (minus the display, I don't think that part is changed on the Airs) has to be designed around lower power consumption - this has never been done before Haswell.
As for the iPhone getting improved battery numbers, that will require an abrupt design change. There is next to no improvement on the battery since iP4 because the entire phone is designed around it being as thin as possible, so the only way to change this is to scrap that completely and increase the thickness and/or overall size of the phone, in order to accommodate a larger battery.
Except, this isn't happening any time soon.
You need to be proficient in lots of areas to make a custom backside and a custom extended battery... all that to make the iPhone last longer. Battery sleeves, cases and external packs don't cut it, you need it to be internal, because you lose a lot of potential battery capacity by making it go through USB 5V first.
A lot of people say the SGS4 sucks. Well, if you want the phone to last longer between charges without turning off a bunch of things, extended batteries are the way to go. You can do it on the SGS4, but not the iPhone, that is a big deal.