Your laptop on the photo has two Thunderbolt 2
interfaces that are both using minDisplayPort
connectors. The black cable you're holding is a DisplayPort
interface cable (the logo of square with two lines is DisplayPort logo; Thunderbolt logo is lightning) with miniDisplayPort
connector. The white dock you plug in has Thunderbolt 2
interface with miniDisplayPort
connector.
See, Thunderbolt 2 and DisplayPort interfaces share the same miniDisplayPort connector. However being able to physically insert DisplayPort interface into Thunderbolt 2 interface and vice versa does not make them inherently compatible. Apart from connector compatibility interface compatibility also matters.
Thunderbolt 2 interface can work as DisplayPort interface that's why inserting DisplayPort interface cable into Thunderbolt 2 interface works. (Your black cable.)
DisplayPort interface cannot work as Thunderbolt 2 interface. If you had DisplayPort interfaces on the laptop instead of Thunderbolt 2 you have and tried to insert Thunderbolt 2 interface dock into them you would be able to physically insert it (since they share same miniDisplayPort connector) but it won't work because of this incompatibility.
Now further to 2016 MBP.
It has either 2 (13" nTB) or 4 (13" TB and 15") Thunderbolt 3
interfaces with USB-C
connectors.
USB 3.1 gen 2
interface also often has USB-C
connector. Thunderbolt 3 interface is compatible with USB 3.1 gen 2 interface so you'd be able to insert any USB interface with USB-C connector into Thunderbolt 3 interface with USB-C connector.
DisplayPort
interface is compatible with USB 3.1 gen 2 interface so it is also compatible with Thunderbolt 3. However DisplayPort interface often comes with either DisplayPort or miniDisplayPort
connectors. Only recently DisplayPort interfaces started to come with USB-C connectors. In order to plug your current monitor into the new MBP 2016 you'd need such a cable - DisplayPort interface with DisplayPort or miniDisplayPort connector into monitor and USB-C connector into new MBP 2016. I have this one
https://www.startech.com/uk/AV/usb-...-over-usb-c-to-displayport-adapter~CDP2DPMM6B.
Thunderbolt 2 interface is compatible with Thunderbolt 3 interface however their respective connectors - miniDisplayPort and USB-C - are not. In order to plug your current dock into the new MBP 2016 you'd need an adapter from Thunderbolt 3 interface with USB-C connector to Thunderbolt 2 interface with miniDisplayPort connector.
Of course as time goes there will be more and more devices initially with USB-C connectors.
This is a simplified explanation. Awful, eh?
