I never understood that as well. The usual argument is that the default 1280x800 resolution can be mapped pixel-perfectly to the 2560x1600 panel (every logical pixel is simply a 2x2 array of physical pixels) while scaled resolutions must use linear interpolation across pixels (that is, a physical pixel represents a blend of colours of logical pixels). But I think that this is a gross oversimplification of the real story. First of all, in HiDPI mode the content is drawn using sub-pixel precision. Second, the pixels are small enough that linear interpolation shouldn't introduce any noticeable artefacts — after all, any display hardware, be it CRT or LCD or anything else, ends up 'interpolating' the source image in this way or another. Furthermore, I strongly suspect that even in the default (non-scaled) mode the non-HiDPI content is upscaled using linear interpolation rather then simple 2x2 upscaling.
Personally, I can't see any difference in image quality between different scaled modes and the non-scaled mode. Then again, I am not a trained artist, so my eyes might be not good enough. Even if there are artefacts, they would probably be limited to low-DPI images.