The eSIM contents are secured on the iPhone, much like Touch ID and Face ID data present on your device, like a Secure enclave. It is also impossible to back up back up to your a local backup of iCloud backup. It remains on your device until you invoke it if presented with that option.
You may also delete all eSIM using the Transfer and reset function in Settings > General. This erases content, apps, connected accounts, disables Find
My, and the bast way to sell/donate/give away.
The very first question asked is if you want to delete all settings and delete eSIMs, or delete all eSIM and content.
I can’t think of a situation an eSIM being deliberately erased down so.