If you can't seem to get back your data at all and you made no attempt of backing up using Time Machine, you might be sol. HOWEVER, if you did NOT manage to allow the system to OVERWRITE the Mac OS X partition, you might be able to use Prosoft Data Rescue to try and retrieve all your lost files. Its a 50/50 chance.
But, so long as you keep the machine on and allow the drive to continue to write over what was your partition, your data might not be totally recoverable which you would have to start all over again and try to find those lost programs on the web again.
Usually, when I try to install Linux or another flavor of BSD, I take out my main OS X hard drive and only work with one dedicated drive, that way nothing will get messed up.
Even though most install Linux/BSD by partitioning part of the drive, its best to install on a dedicated drive as things can get complicated and result in POTENTIAL data loss.
This seems to be the case, for now until you run Data Rescue.