Not really. Even if we use 2 TB cables, that's only equivalent to an 8x PCIe 2 slot. So, still not as fast as an ATX rig.
That wouldn't work quite yet. Maybe by Thunderbolt 3 or 4, but right now Thunderbolt is much slower than a PCI 3.0 slot.
But the Mac Pro's have TB 2.0, which I imagine would allow for that kind of bandwidth?