OP wrote above in post 29:
[[ I have fully set up the SSD, to where I am logged in to a new user account through the USB connection. When I go to "Finder" to try and browse the files from the old hard drive, I do not see the other hard drive (on the macbook pro). All I see under Devices is "New SSD". What can I do now? ]]
You are well along "the road to recovery".
My advice: don't worry about the damaged internal drive at the moment.
At this point -- the new SSD is "up and running" in the external dock -- it's time to get the right tools, open up the MacBook, and change out the drives.
Refer to prior posts above as to how to do this, and BE SURE YOU HAVE THE RIGHT TOOLS (sorry to keep shouting about this).
The "drive swap" is as easy a task as you'll encounter. Just make sure you protect the Macbook by using a "towel on the table". Use a dish to keep the screws in so they don't get lost.
Get the SSD into the MacBook, see if you can get it to boot and run, and then get back to us...