Should I get a 2.5Ghz or 2.8? Is there much difference?
The faster CPU is faster (duh). The difference is few percent, but if you actually need the extra performance, it is there.
Main question = under constant load, is the 2.8 more likely to get hotter and throttle down anyway? Making the 2.5 basically just as good performance for lower price?
No. The faster CPU is faster, especially under constant load (you are less likely to notice any difference under light loads).
2nd question = does the 2.8Ghz processor introduce any other problems compared to the 2.5Ghz that I'm not aware of?
Not likely. But its all individual. You could get a higher-tier CPU that throttles quicker etc., but the probability of this is low.
[doublepost=1520232056][/doublepost]
Looks like you're pretty close to 100 deg. C. [...] From what I've read, I would feel much more comfortable if the temps were down around 90 deg.
100C are perfect within spec with these CPUs. The way that cooling on these laptops is designed is that CPU hits max safe temp when running on full performance. Granted, the cooling on the 2016/2017 models is much better, but thats not really relevant to you.
Contrary to the popular opinion, there is no reason to avoid running these laptops hot. Yes, higher temps are bad for electronics and your components will wear and tear later. But its nor relevant, since you will replace your computer way before the expected lifespan of the CPU has been reached. And there are other parts that will break earlier.