Lithium-ion Battery Physics
ifjake said:
i'm not sure how active this thread is anymore, but i was curious about how the number of loadcycles (according to what coconutBattery gives me) affect battery performance. is more better or less better or is it not as simple as that? my laptop is about 5 months old, and i really like to use it not plugged in to the wall. i get about 3 hours with wifi on so it's not bad yet, i'm never using it for more than maybe 30 minutes at a time even. but could constantly using my battery down till it gives me that 9 minute warning be detrimental to the lifespan of my battery?
Um... yes, using rechargeable batteries makes them not work anymore, alternatively, not using them also makes them not work. So, in that sense you're stuck between a rock and a hard place. I design electrical systems for satellites, and from that experience I can tell you there are four main fators that decrease the capacity of a lithium ion battery:
1) Time since manufacture. Lithium-ion batteries loose a certain percentage of their remaining capacity each (insert your favorite time unit here, day month, year) So after about two years, it doesn't matter if you've used it or not, it won't be working well. This is why we still use Nickel based stuff on long-term missions.
2) The number of "cycles." A cycle is a complete discharge and recharge of the battery. So if you discharge to 80%, you've discharged 20% of the capacity, do this five times and that's one cycle. Satellites budget their power so they do not exceed 20-30% discharged. Most lithium-ion batteries will get around 500-1000 cycles before they reach half capacity.
3) Leaving the battery completely charged will also cause stress on the chemistry. So you need to use it from time to time. If you want to store it on a shelf, get it to about 50% charged for maximum preservation.
4) Temperature - cold batteries don't work, hot batteries don't work well. For one project developing a tiny satellite, we couldn't use lithium-ion-polymer because they pretty much quit working below 0 ºC, and that was the projected average temperature for this tiny satellite. But it was a short mission and mass was at a premium, so we went with lithium-ion. Incidentally, we got the highest energy density batteries we could find, and Apple's seem to be much higher, so apparently they've got special contracts.
So why do we use rechargeable batteries, or specifically lithium-ion batteries?
1) Price - what? Yeah a rechargeable battery costs way more than a "primary battery" (or non-rechargeable) but you get to use the rechargeable again, so its price is split in half, then you use it a third time and it's 1/3, then it keeps droppping until it is way cheaper than replacing a primary battery everytime.
2) No mass transfer - you do not transfer any mass into or out of the battery when you recharge it, conversely, for a primary battery you have to physically disconnect it, remove it, and then put another one in.
3) Energy density - lithium-ion (and now lithium-ion polymer) have the highest energy density of any rechargeable batteries. Energy density is the amount of energy (Joules) that can be stored per unit mass (kilograms). Nickel-based batteries have significantly lower energy densities. Interestingly enough, primary batteries have an order of magnitude higher energy density than do lithium, but think about that second discharge of the rechargeable, you'd have to have twice the mass of the primary to acheive that one. This compounds the same way price does.
4) No memory effect - This is for lithium-ion only. Nickel-based batteries have a "memory effect" they should be completely discharged before being recharged. Lithium can be recharged at any time, before they are discharged enough to explode, that is. This does not mean lithiums don't remember how many cycles they've been through, but it does mean that if your laptop is at 30% and you've got an hour before you leave for your 3 hour plane flight that you don't have to watch a DVD for twenty minutes before you can start rechargeing.
Apple provides much of this information at
www.apple.com/batteries.
So for those who complain about rechargeable batteries, keep in mind that you'd be paying for a lot more going to the drug store everyday to buy yourself a pack of $20 energizers or duracells to take their place. Keep in mind that these lithium-ions mean you don't have to run your compy down to zero everytime you want to charge. So if you want your battery to last longer, get a degree in chemistry and go work at JPL where the guy who invented lihtium-ion is.
The short answer to your question about the 9 minute warning is "only do it when you need to."