Could anyone explain the $10 billion buyback part of this? What does that actually mean per share to an investor? It's separate from the 2.65 per quarter ($10.60/year) dividend - correct?
It is separate from the dividend.
The buyback means that the company, when it makes sense, will use some portion of the buyback money to acquire Apple stock. There is an implicit assumption that Apple will buy the stock floating on the open market. More buyers of the stock tends to drive the price up ( more buyers than sellers makes stock prices go higher. ).
However, a couple of real issues for real stockholders.
1. Apple does not
necessarily need to go to the open market to acquire shares. For instance, some Apple employees will sell Apple shares they have been given as compensation. If Apple is not buying those those would float out onto the open market. That's called dilution. That is actually the opposite of a buyback. More shares out means prices can go down.
So if Apple buys 100% of the shares the employees let go then no dilution. However, there is also no change in the number of shares on the open market either. Net effect is nothing for the stockholders.
I don't think the employees are going to dump $45B in stock over next 3 years so there will be some removable of shares. Some of it is cancelling dilution Apple has effectively put in over the last 10 years though.
This buyback can save Apple money if the stock continues to ever increase. Buying $500 stock now and handing it to employees as compensation later when it is worth $600 means that Apple doesn't have to spend $600 later to "buy it to give away". ( Yeah sure they could "dillute to give away", but again that is punishing the stockholders. )
2. It means the stockholders are still not going to get any part of the $100B hoard that is there now. In part, this is cut off the inevitable lawsuit that would increasingly have traction if Apple continued to hoard every larger amounts for no good reason. (they have no intent to spend... just hoard. )
The buyback takes the air out of that balloon.
3. Apple can "smooth out" fluctuations in the stock price. If the market panics for no good reason Apple can "prop up" the stock until the market comes to its senses. ( e.g., Iranians rattle the cage and shoot off a test missile ... folks freak out .... oil prices go up. Iranians happy again... things go back to normal. )
Big picture though.... buybacks usually aren't very effective as a long term mechanism . They have some traction when the market's perception of the company are grossly flawed to the negative. In Apple's case, if anything, the stock is over inflated, not under. [ The implied long term growth numbers for Apple aren't really tractable. But as long as there is someone else willing to pay higher the stock will go up. ] However, the buy back can goose that along a bit longer.
http://www.buffettsecrets.com/share-buy-backs.htm