Would the voltage really matter? I would think we'd just need a charger capable of delivering more current for speedier charging. Granted that higher current would require beefier wiring
The dock connector can only handle 2A. After that, it starts to get way too hot. As it is, they are pushing it hard. Remember, it was originally designed for the iPod 3rd generation with Firewire, a hard drive, and a tiny little screen.
It would be un-apple-like to have another connector for faster charging. Especially when the "problem" isn't a problem at all. They will still charge overnight.