Is it illegal in the US to share digital copies of films you bought on disk?
In the United States, sharing digital copies of films you bought on disk is generally considered illegal under copyright law. Here are some key points to understand why this is the case:
### Copyright Law
1. **Copyright Protection**: Films are protected by copyright law, which grants the copyright holder exclusive rights to reproduce, distribute, perform, and display the work.
2. **Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)**: The DMCA further strengthens copyright protections, making it illegal to circumvent digital rights management (DRM) technologies that control access to copyrighted works.
### Fair Use Doctrine
3. **Fair Use Limitations**: While the fair use doctrine allows for limited use of copyrighted materials without permission (such as for criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research), it does not generally extend to distributing complete copies of a film.
### Personal Use
4. **Personal Backup**: You are typically allowed to make a backup copy of a film you own for personal use, but this does not include distributing that copy to others.
### Distribution
5. **Unauthorized Sharing**: Sharing digital copies, even if you legally purchased the original disk, constitutes distribution, which is an exclusive right of the copyright holder. Sharing such copies without permission is considered copyright infringement.
### Legal Consequences
6. **Penalties**: Unauthorized distribution of copyrighted materials can lead to civil and criminal penalties, including fines and potential jail time.
In summary, while you may own a physical copy of a film, this does not grant you the right to distribute digital copies. Sharing digital copies of films without permission from the copyright holder is illegal in the US.
What if you only share it with a small number of friends?
Even if you share digital copies of films with a small number of friends, it is still generally considered illegal under U.S. copyright law. Here's why:
### Distribution Rights
1. **Exclusive Rights**: The copyright holder has the exclusive right to distribute their work. This right is not limited by the scale of distribution; whether you share with one person or many, it still constitutes unauthorized distribution.
### Copyright Infringement
2. **Unauthorized Sharing**: Sharing with a small group of friends is still unauthorized and constitutes copyright infringement, regardless of the number of people involved.
### No Fair Use
3. **Not Fair Use**: The fair use doctrine does not typically cover sharing complete copies of films for entertainment purposes, even with a small group.
### Legal Risks
4. **Potential Consequences**: While the risk of legal action might be lower for sharing with a small group, it is still present. Copyright holders can pursue legal action for any unauthorized distribution.
### Digital Rights Management (DRM)
5. **Circumvention**: If sharing involves circumventing DRM protections, this adds another layer of illegality under the DMCA.
### Personal Use Exception
6. **Limited to Personal Use**: The personal use exception typically allows you to make a copy for yourself, but not to share that copy with others.
In summary, sharing digital copies of films with a small number of friends without permission from the copyright holder is still illegal and can expose you to legal risks.