Ummmm... Marriage Licenses started in the Middle Ages to allow a "marriage" that was deemed illegal in the country and was issued by church or state. Here in the US they became the "norm" in order to deal with one State not recognizing another State's common-law marriage (which was the norm).
What you are talking about in the middle ages was the sovereign making exclusive claim to the maidenhead of every female in his jurisdiction. Some historians I've read insist that led to prima nocte, while others say that no such thing ever happened. However, regardless of the validity of that, the sovereign still claimed ownership over persons in his fealty. Hang on to that for a moment...
I was speaking of the colonies in my post, I should have clarified that. Initially in the colonies and early days of the confederated States, many marriages were common-law or performed in front of lay witnesses, in addition to the popular tradition of a church wedding. The ceremony - if any - was there to let the neighborhood know these people were "off the market". To put things on record for the purposes of inheritance and provenance they had
registration of marriage, but not
licensing of marriage. This ranged from simple family Bible entries up to recording a statement with the local registrar. Again, this wasn't done to acknowledge state permission, but rather used the common interpretation of the state as an organization to make your declarations of personal property and contract public knowledge and thus prevent fraud and question of equity position.
The Articles gave way to the stronger central government that was known as "these united States of America", and finally in that all important post-war era after 1865 we ended up with the "United States". It was the mid-century mentality that was terrified of whites intermarrying with other races that brought marriage
licensing into play. This was fascistic at its core, as a large noisy portion of the people pestered the government to "do something" about that possibility of interracial marriage. The government as usual threw up its hands and said "we can't do anything... unless you give us the power. Care to try?" (This is a very distilled summary of what happened, obviously.) Laws were passed with the white majority shaking their fists in the air in triumph, and white marriages into other races were blocked by fiat.
By the 1920s this had expanded to 38 states where the "darker" races (including blacks, Philippinos, Amerinds, and Chinese) couldn't marry into whites, and the common-law marriage was on the downslide.
If you can get past the pay-wall, check
this article out. Keep in mind that many of those interracial ban states were northern, not southern states.
Now back to what you were talking about with the middle ages. Back then, the ruler felt that he had first right to everything in your life, whether it was your increase (taxes), property (more taxes), progeny (conscription), or estate (yet more taxes. Right now the median tax bracket is 38 percent in the US, and everything you buy with that is taxed in some way, produced by companies that were double taxed on employment and buried under the weight of regulations, and those companies were owned by people that were basically triple taxes (corporate tax + capital gains on shares + income tax). The colonies revolted in part over a 10 percent tax to Geo III, and for the most part the British left the people alone here. I'm not saying we'd be better off with their system - because it obviously has gotten much, much worse for people in the UK - but I am saying look at how stalwart the people were there to take the risk of secession back in 1775 when they had so much to lose. The people in this country will put up with anything as long as they get an extra couple hundred cable channels full of sports, more porn, and more reality shows.