Stock isn't a "loan". you're right thats what Bonds are. Stock IS a purchase of ownership. And once IPO has completed, none of the money in day to day stock trading goes towards the company. Company only receives cash on initial purchase only.
And most growing cmopanies don't pay dividends, because they re-invest capital in growth. However, no large, multi-billion dollar corporation, doesn't pay dividends.
There's a point in every company, especially very large ones where the prospect of accelerated growth (like Apple's last decade) isn't feasible. and to maintain stock price growth or consistency, there has to be a return for investors. These stocks are generally considered "blue chip", These large companies with solid reputations keep their stock values because the return on investment to the shareholder is in lengevity of it's dividend payout, not the prospect of stock price increase.
I think Apple is currently in a state of flux. it doesn't know if it wants to be "blue chip" and transition to a reliable dividend yeilding stock with long term investors purchasing it, or still believes they can continue to grow enough to give promise of larger return in the future.
But the guy you're commenting with is also correct in his estimation that if you were to buy Apple stock for dividend payout, at $100 and only $2 dividends, the rate of return on this stock is only 2% / qtr. There are far greater investments than Apple stock that will offer greater return.
A lot of people here and elsewhere militated against Apple paying a dividend. I wasn't one of them. The payout represents only a small fraction of their excess free cashflow. Yet nobody should be buying AAPL for the dividends alone. The argument is absurd on its face, because Apple is still a growth company with lots of potential to reward stockholders with rising earnings. But even if you did buy the stock for the dividends alone, you'd still be receiving a rate of return greater than on a 10-year treasury note, so that's hardly shabby. In this sense, the dividend helps support the stock price.
It is not entirely true that a public company never sees any income from stock sales beyond the IPO. Most issue stock options to their employees. When exercised, new stock is created and the exerciser pays the strike price to the company. They also use outright grants of shares as compensation, so in that sense they are also cash surrogates.
Apple knows what it wants to be. We would not be having this conversation but for the period they going through for the last two quarters. The earnings malaise is being felt market-wide, globally. Longterm investors have seen this many times before and know it does not change anything fundamentally.