Interesting graph. Does this include state and local funding, or federal budget only (as the source is usgovermentspending.com)? Does it include private spending (college tuitions especially)? According to this chart, historic spending is far closer to "flat" than rising. Projected spending looks rosier, but there's often a disconnect between intentions and execution. The next tax cut, program cancellation/modification, or revenue shortfall could gut this graph in an instant.
As you noted on quality of results, the amount the US spends on a lot of things doesn't necessarily line up with quality of results (healthcare, ::cough:: ::cough:: ). I have my own theories on why this is (as do we all), but I won't belabor them.
In the case of education, I wonder how much of this increase has to do with spending on security or long-delayed (and much deserved) wage increases for educators.
Perhaps my original comment had to do more with perception than statistics, but my full statement was "education, art, and culture." You have anything on art and culture? Charts that look back 20 or more years could be enlightening as well. For example, starting in 2009 skips comparisons to pre-2008-financial-crisis spending.